It is worth mentioning that

musicdqug

All in all, Fang Xianting designed for the war before the industrialization of China's strategy seems to be a complete theoretical system, there are certain historical and practical basis, but if other factors integrated full consideration, can be found which still has many defects.
First of all, modern industrial laggards to catch up the historical experience of industrial countries, whether it is completed later industrialization of Germany, Japan, or complete industrialization of the Soviet Union later, almost all of the priority development of heavy industry as a catch-up English, French, United States and other advanced industrial countries of the weapon, and in the short term the more obvious results. The Fangxian Ting is asking the industry is more light behind the priorities in China, which is obviously backward country to catch up with the modern industry the successful experience of industrial countries the opposite direction.
Secondly, the basic characteristics of modern China in terms of industrialization, the abnormal development of light industry of course is a historical achievement, but also highlights the backwardness of China's modern heavy industry, leading to a serious imbalance in the internal industrial structure, industry and the national technology and equipment and autonomy difficult to raise the level of the fatal weaknesses. Fang Xianting ignore the existence of this vulnerability, but only see the light of modern China, the fact that abnormal development, and simply by the industrialized Western countries, the early history of the development of light industry first based on the experience to China's industrialization strategy in the proposed priority development of light industry, one-sided proposition, which not only help promote China's rapid industrialization, it will delay or even impede the process of industrialization in China.
Once again to China before war national security environment facing, this industrialization strategy difficult to implement and effective. China was facing an unprecedented look dangerous national security environment: on the one hand, economic security, because the Western powers out of 19,291,933 for the economic crisis, have to a large semi-colonial countries such as China, dumping of surplus commodities, while the use severely restricted trade protection policy imports of Chinese goods, and reduce investment in the Chinese market, making China into a liquidity crunch, business failures, the economic plight of the rural destitution; the other hand, Japan and France have made up a Manchurian Incident and the North China Incident, occupied rich northeast and north part, which in turn preparing to launch a comprehensive war against China, China's national security and geopolitical environment, thus facing the threat of terrorism in modern times the most,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but for various reasons, the delay in China's domestic political unity and peace, people's lives and property and the country's financial, economic and military power and thus suffer a great loss, which further exacerbated the Chinese national security and geopolitical environment, the danger and difficulties. All these take precedence over the development of light industrial dominance and the maintenance of rural industrialization strategy, not only because of the lack of large-scale heavy industry, capital, technology and difficult to resist the Western powers on China's economic aggression, but also does not help when the deterioration of China defense and political security.
It is worth mentioning that, despite the Fangxian Ting Chinese design for the war is the priority before the development of light industry in the industrialization strategy, and that China's priority development of heavy industry was the lack of the necessary conditions and resources, but this does not mean he was a complete denial and exclusion of heavy industry in China development. In fact, he hoped that China was the main priority is the development of light industrial or private capital for private purposes, but for the time, China's state-owned industry or the state capital, and he wants to develop heavy industry, heavy industry, he also recognized the relationship to the safety of China's national defense. He stressed that: \However, defense-related, established by the Government who shall be another thing. \based on the facts put forward a market-driven industrialization strategy. This industrial policy, of course do not exclude the Government or the state capital for heavy industry in the cultivation and management. Moreover, this industrial policy is not unique to the individual point of view Fangxian Ting, but before the war the majority of Chinese scholars and officials,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], according to Sun Yat-sen's \live together to promote an industrialization strategy. Although this industrialization strategy is to neglect the reality of economic constraints idealistic program, but it reflected the philosophy and direction of market economy is beyond doubt.
It is worth mentioning that, after the outbreak of war, with China's national defense forces of heavy industry due to lack of strong support and defeat on the battlefield again,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych],Zoellick called on to avoid humanitarian disaster, Fang Xianting also timely amended his original priority development of light industry to promote industrialization strategy. In April 1939 he said that China over the past century, \War Master Xing, in straitened circumstances. Do otherwise would catch up in the future, firmly observe the principles of self-reliance in financing, national defense, the main purpose of the first to use the resources,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the country's future worthy of special apprehensive. \The main reason for casting is wrong, the first for the internal and external problems of the frequent adverse industrial environment; times up and down for the government and the stupid, the lack of business ability and insight of modern industry \. \[3] 61,65 Clearly, Fang Xianting such words of the commentators said that if indeed, \logic, just the opposite conclusion can be drawn: internal and external defense should be able to promote large-scale development of heavy industry, while the opposition was less up and down really stupid, can not result in abnormal development of light industry before the war the people's livelihood. [4] 207-208 However, we should be affirmed, Fang Xianting after all this time to their understanding of the theory advocated by the original error, and s not too late to do the amendment, both the academic progress of thought also reflects the sense of a scholar should be corrective. More importantly, Fang Xianting own theory in the amendment, after error, but also through the submission of policy proposals, chief editor of the industrial research, presided over the formulation of economic planning, etc., for the war during the rear of the building and heavy industry in China after the war industrial prospect carefully arrange and prospects.
May 1939, he submitted to the National Government to focus on two requirements of national defense in the rear area of heavy industry construction proposal that \development of heavy industry are provided Fuyuan case. \[5] 301-307 arguments these two proposals, though with different levels and specific content, but there is one thing in common, that is, have suggested that the National Government to set heavy industry with a way to carry heavy rear of the building of national defense, to try to promote the great behind economic development and meet the military's huge consumption of War. April 1944, after his victory over Japan as the central theme of China's industrialization has an impact long editor of essays, \[��] The book contains a total of more than 20 papers, divided into five parts, the second, third, and five series were directly related to industrial issues. This book is written in Fangxian Ting preamble to reflect very clearly: \... research should be laissez-faire? Interference? ... ... So difficult of industrialization, what their sources of capital due to Part II ... ... the book 'economic policies' of the selections. After the war both in the industrial building, and in particular the establishment of heavy industry, how the distribution of resources according to ... ... from the theory of location and seeking enlightenment ... ... to properly set a reasonable post-war industrial center of the location ... ... book compiled by a third 'Industrial Location' of the selections. Backward countries ... ... ... ... in the industrialization process often encountered by the trade of free trade and protection of trade-offs. What, then to determine its own human resources, the future of industrialization is still a backward agricultural country like China who has the limits of free trade? Adopted the theory of trade protection policy ... ... the book based on what V due to 'external trade' of the selections. \The most important point is that emphasis on heavy industry as the center to carry out the post-war industrialization in China. The autumn of 1944 to 1945 winter, he also presided over the formulation of national government thinking in the history of industrialization in China occupies an important position \The draft of infrastructure and heavy industry as the core strategy of industrialization first, after the victory of the war five years (1946-1951) for China's economic construction of the system, comprehensive planning. [1] 121-135
Second, Fang Xianting Control Economic Theory
Historical experience shows that a country's industrialization in the economic construction onto the fast lane, you must also arrange the times and a suitable escort for industrial economic system. Economic system which the basic content and function of government is that how to deal with the relationship between power and market mechanisms to allow different time and space in the context of the industrialized countries to provide a reasonable allocation of resources. Three to four decades of the 20th century, due to a variety of theoretical and practical factors of factors combined effects of prevalence in Chinese academic circles have a \This trend not only in the practical level of national government and establishing the National Anti capitalist economic system and the system during the mobilization of national economy had a direct impact on the theoretical level also the industrialization of China at that time provide a more efficient allocation of resources ways, its essence is power in the government and the market mechanism on the basis of game time, China's industrialization is a government-led arrangements for a market economy. The Fangxian Ting Chinese academic circles, as was one of the major industrialized is active advocate of this trend of thought, its main purpose is natural for China's industrial arrangements at a government-led market economy.
January 1936, Fang Xianting has published an article entitled \implementation of the control the economy.
His first article in the economic history from the perspective of a \He believes that \The Guild of economic and European countries later mercantilist economy, until the 18th century until after the Industrial Revolution, \He further analysis,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], said: \The Middle Ages controlled economy to guild or the guild as a control body to the city for the control area. Seventeen of the eighth century mercantilist economic, commercial and light weight of Agriculture, through the control flow of the international gold and silver to achieve a favorable trade balance (surplus) for the purpose. To today's flying around the controlled economy or planned economy, was a planned control, and its implementation of the region, in fact, although the same applies to-business economy is limited to one country, then in theory Zeyi the world for the purposes of Hu's also in the . \, and the western countries during World War I economic policies implemented by the impact of outside control, the \According to him, controlled economy means the government or other public bodies guild control imposed by the policy or intervention in the economy, but its implementation of the regional space will vary due to age. Should be said that his analysis is to seize the \However, his analysis also has a theoretical error. First, he regarded the Soviet Union's planned economy and the Western countries recover from the economic crisis statist economic policies implemented confuse. In fact, the authority of government and the market mechanism from the perspective of game, the two are fundamentally different: the former is the government power of the market mechanism of free competition the full replacement, and to destroy microscopic principal private market mechanisms, while the latter is the Government the power of market mechanisms or most of the local alternative, and to support the survival and development of the private sector. Second, he failed to point out that the Western countries imposed economic policies specific differences in control, but will the be called a \ways and means of economic policy in the scope and extent of all have no small difference. Strictly speaking, there was only Germany, Fascist Italy, the economic control is the real \who, as the private sector and market mechanisms to eliminate.
He then had a brief introduction to China's control at the History of Economic Policy (Sun Yat-sen's Livelihood and the \that the control of a country to implement economic policy, must have three prerequisites: \China does not have those conditions at that time, he asserted that China's \So he asked the question whether the way of self wrote, this \Will be called: the implications to the Pan-controlled economy, the extent of its implementation, but also due to the constant due to differences in each other, not with the established formula, not to change those also. Ideal controlled economy, the happiness of all mankind since the premise of the whole world to control the economic life of the target. This can not, then find the borders of a country's economy as a unit to seek full control of, such as Russia, Italy, Germany,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], that is,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], their cases also. A country's economy once again is the control of local, such as the UK, such as the United States such as Japan, such as China are the. \But when he began to control the implementation of local economic control in China and pursuing economic policies while trying to maintain the market mechanism and private British and American countries compared, it reflects his stick deep inside the consciousness of the market economy.
Next, he emphasized that \depth in mind. \He is so advocated, both because he knew transportation, agriculture, foreign trade and exchange for the importance of national economic development, but also because the time, the national government has transportation, agriculture, foreign trade and exchange control implemented and achieved some initial results, but also because he recognized the Sino-Japanese War is imminent, China must do this in the economic system fully prepared.
War broke out, the Fangxian Ting must fight in order to strengthen national defense by building the special needs of heavy industry, will themselves proposing the implementation of China's policy priorities of economic adjustment control for industrial capital control. He said: \In use, the current situation should be adapted to the world and national need, the principle of national defense above all else, be the cause of the priorities. \The so-called \The so-called \the input of other consumer goods, and increase production of the imported machinery and other materials, such as \Secondly, the use of industrial capital, the national government should also be control, and established the \This is because the \The achievements of the defense industry, is the only way to cause strong; as the development of livelihood industries for the prosperity of the arteries also. \
War broke out,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Fang Xianting controlled economy for the implementation of China's view there is a significant change, that is, to build a special emphasis on the economic functions of the department initiated by the government in the last, various non-governmental economic organizations to assist in the full range of economic under control system. Before the war he just failed to fully discuss this. In May 1939 he presented to the National Government's \concrete will have two aspects: First, the central and local government departments, such as the central charge of the economic functions of the heavy industry, light industry and small industrial building Resources Committee, mining adjusted industrial cooperation with China at the Association and the provincial Department of Construction, Yunnan's economy Commission and the Guizhou Province of the enterprises, etc., must be \institutions \[5] 303-304 next year, he pointed out in another article: \On the implementation of the Government from the control, have to have three areas under the Agriculture, numerous small activities sound unit is not active. This activity unit, in agriculture is the agricultural cooperative. One is in the business sector of the industrial cooperatives, one is the trade association. \adhere to the long-term security needs of war material,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but also a considerable range of state-owned enterprises to retain and to mobilize non-governmental economic organizations other than the production and management initiative, the Soviet planned economy to avoid economic resources will be highly concentrated in the government, leading to civil society organizations, especially the private economy loss of living space and business enterprise vitality of shortcomings. From the essence, such an economic control system is a government-led market economy or a state capital, private capital co-existence and common prosperity,Provide comprehensive [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], fragmentary development of mixed economy system.