and through regional integration

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recent years, the growing phenomenon of enterprise cluster wide attention by scholars that the business enterprises within the cluster can be brought to the group of external economies of scale, lower transaction costs, stimulate innovation and competitive advantage, etc., but also give local economic development has brought vigor and vitality. However, not all clusters can develop long-lasting, such as the United States, Detroit's automobile industry cluster, the Australian steel industry cluster Styria region, northeast China industrial base of equipment and so on into a recession. Clusters in the promotion of enterprises, regional economic development, but also the challenges facing risk, especially in a single cluster market structure of the specialized enterprises at greater risk.
domestic and foreign enterprises Clusters of small, but still with some success, the main points are: Porter argued that in production after the cluster is in dynamic evolution, may be interrupted because of technology,government,Provide comprehensive laminate floor, changes in consumer demand as a result of excessive external threats such as mergers, cartels, groups, innovation, thought suppression caused by loss of competitiveness within the rigid. Austrian regional economist Ticky G according to Vernon's \enormous negative effects of regional economic, industrial clusters proposed structural risks. OMFritz research in Tichy G as proposed based on regional, national and even international business cycle and the impact on enterprise clusters, analysis of the economic cycle, the impact on enterprise clusters, the cluster is due to the risk of a cyclical risks.
above study focused on the decline of the industry itself, the external environment, leaving the cluster or clusters of risk issues for further research enterprise cluster provides a theoretical foundation for risk. This article from the cluster network of relations between enterprises of this new approach to enterprise cluster risk, at the conclusion of the cyclical risks and structural risks, based on the risk that the cluster there is a third risk --- the network that the cluster network relationships between firms in the cluster nature of the enterprise features, advantages of enterprise clusters in order to produce its own characteristics but also the risk caused by the cluster, resulting in enterprise cluster to the root causes of decline.
Second, the fundamental risk of enterprise cluster is a network risk
risk of both cyclical fluctuations in the external economic environment, the risk of regional or structural end of product life cycle, are not fundamentally explain the real risks of Enterprise Cluster Formation. Firstly, a brief analysis of periodic risk and risk theory of structural defects, and then clarify the network of enterprise clusters and structural risks, the association between the cyclical risk, then risk that the network is the source of the risk enterprise cluster.
periodic risk theory that corporate risk is a sudden cluster can not be artificially controlled by the external economic cyclical fluctuations and other causes of risk. Of course, we know that changes in the external economic environment is beyond the control of enterprise clusters, we believe that theory completely ignores the cyclical risks cluster themselves to resist changes in the external economic environment, resilience. Clusters can strengthen the cluster links the external economic environment, knowledge,Provide comprehensive quilting machine, thereby enhancing their capacity to respond to environmental change, in order to weaken, or even out for the environment to avoid fluctuations in the cyclical risks, and only those who own rigid system, function was difficult to deal with cluster lock cyclical risks.
theory of structural risk enterprise clusters, due to industrial decline of aging or the risk of the formation of the regional economy, due to the region the end of product life cycle. However, we can find a structural study of the cluster of risk ignores an extremely important question: technological innovation of enterprises cluster cluster product life cycle. When the cluster or industry leading products into a recession, because Shichang sharply reduced the threat to the survival of the cluster,Provide comprehensive musical instruments, the cluster-based innovation and the formation of new products will be automated solution cluster potential risks, such as another cluster of related products students, due to a single product family cluster brought recession risk will no longer exist.
existing enterprise clusters through the brief review of the risk analysis of the causes,Provide comprehensive cnc machining, we find that the structural risk enterprise clusters and the cluster is just cyclical risk exogenous risk of recession induced by the cluster factors to . The characteristics of the cluster's own strengths, but also the risk of generating cluster root the resulting network risk is the fundamental enterprise clusters to the risk of recession, is the business risk of the endogenous cluster. The more successful enterprise clusters, the more likely to develop into a closed system, and gradually lose the ability to respond to changing market conditions, leading to declining competitiveness, and if this time the cluster encounter structural or cyclical risks, and external causes, including due to working together, the cluster will most likely devastated and even die. Characteristics of enterprise clusters generally do not directly lead to their own cluster of recession risk, it is gradually maturing as the rigid cluster to cluster on the ability to respond to the external environment, when the cluster to a certain degree of rigidity occurs when the transformation from quantitative to qualitative change, and ultimately structural or cyclical by raising the risk of the cluster lead to the decline of enterprise clusters.
Third, the network of enterprise clusters and Model Risk Analysis
enterprise clusters in the network described risk, this article features from the four business clusters: specialization, geographical of concentration, embeddedness, resource sharing point of view to deepen the analysis of risk enterprises cluster causes the network, and finally built up a network of enterprise clusters cause model risk.
1. Specialization to enable enterprises to the best enterprises in the cluster scale production, but also improve various aspects of vertical industry value chain asset specific.
specialized division of labor even though it can make to the best enterprises in the cluster scale operation, but in the cluster along the industry value chain, vertical specialization, tend to make the link back to back and rely on a higher degree of From the perspective of game theory, it will increase the specificity of corporate assets can be consolidated to some extent co-operation between enterprises. However, when the enterprise clusters have more specific assets, they mean that increases the risk of investment in fixed assets, potentially also increased business transformation and upgrading difficult. And this along the industry value chain, vertical specialization can easily lead to the specific assets before and after the convergence between the strong and interdependent relationship, when a part of the specific assets when problems arise, you may have a cluster enterprises can contribute to organizational learning, speed up the information, technology, knowledge transfer, but at the same link in the value chain cluster level for multiple companies, focused on the geographic space, In addition to these enterprises have the same production skills, the status of their raw materials, much the same, or less technical level, customer and market knowledge is also similar. The concentration of the same geographical space and the interaction of cultural background, a large number of similar enterprises within clusters tend to appear the same strategic decision-making, leading to convergence in strategic decision-making \greatly reduced. As in the recent textile trade war, Ningbo, Wuxi and other places in the textile industry as companies of a similar type, strategic decision-making convergence to the low prices of primary products are export-oriented foreign trade event of a crisis, companies will suffer the same cluster dilemma.
3. Enterprise Clusters rooted in sexual relations by a large number of companies are woven into networks that relationship can reduce transaction costs, but may also lead to the closure of the entire cluster automorphic structure.
enterprise clusters is based on \Within the same network as long-term cooperation deal between individuals within the cluster is basically built on mutual trust,Provide comprehensive Carbon Brush, based on the interests of the participants in the pursuit of greater emotional and relationship components. This network structure, largely to promote the smooth progress of inter-enterprise transactions, reducing transaction costs. However, when the cluster companies used to \to make them more reluctant to engage in business activities outside the cluster. Over time, enterprise clusters has become a closed system, except for a few companies to directly face the market, most companies in this closed system fully operational, the entire cluster for external knowledge, access to technology capability and adaptability for the continually weakening external environment .
4. Sharing of resources in making access to external economies of scale enterprise clusters, but also the breeding of the innovative enterprises in the cluster inertia.
resource interdependence is the basis for the formation of cluster networks, resource sharing is an important source of competitive advantage of the cluster. However, we must recognize that the cluster of knowledge and skills of a high degree of external overflow,Provide comprehensive copper clad aluminum, so a lot of companies want to reap the benefits of innovation and an external overflow, which is a leading innovation and business interests of the damage, so most of the enterprises themselves do not want group engage in independent innovation, invest in, and select the \low level of price competition is difficult to avoid the inevitable result is we all suffer. It is this enterprise cluster of four characteristics are intertwined, inseparable, in turn, generated by the cluster edge that they were also linked with the risk of any single risk is sufficient to lead to the decline of the cluster, but when the The risks are intertwined, mutually reinforcing, the firm will be transformed into a cluster of static closed system, ability to respond to the rigidity of the external environment will eventually lead to the decline of the cluster.
Through this study, we can further understand the real threat to its network of enterprise clusters risk, that is, endogenous risk, it exists would be may lead to the decline of enterprise clusters. In this paper, the model that you can avoid the following four aspects to the network of enterprise clusters risk.
1. Industrial system through the decomposition of the cluster to avoid the assets of enterprise clusters
specific risks arising from the specialization of the asset-specific risk, from essentially the difficulty of inter-firm cooperation is increasing. However, if a modular theory (Zhu Ruibo, 2004) decomposition of the industrial system, so the value chain,Provide comprehensive dehumidifier, sequential relationship between the upstream and downstream modules into the three-dimensional network parallel relationship and reduce the interface between modules and interdependencies to able to resolve the assets of the general cluster-specific risk. For example, as semiconductor processing and more complex subtle gradual deepening between before and after the sequential process would be \chain decomposition method may not meet the requirements of deepening social division of labor. In this case, the system can be decomposed cluster industries, will increasingly focus on processes related to them as \
2. Through innovative and flexible specialization to avoid the risk of convergence in decision-making enterprise clusters
as companies focused on geo-spatial clusters, the face of the unique resources within the cluster with the same regional environment, the horizontal value chain clusters convergence of corporate strategic decision-making. Therefore, in order to avoid the risk of convergence in decision-making enterprise clusters, it is necessary to form a cluster of innovative and flexible specialization model. Since the cluster with highly specialized division of labor characteristics,Provide comprehensive sprocket, different companies often have their own core competencies. According to the \products, a distinctive \If in accordance with the innovative and flexible specialization model, the cluster companies to follow the premise of the system information, each developed independently of each other functions to provide complementary technologies or services, to a certain extent, elimination of cluster sub-systems and grade differences to a variety of enterprise integration based on complementary capabilities, based on a highly flexible so that the cluster of agile manufacturing systems. The division of the same features with innovation and flexibility in the ability to \
3. Through the strengthening of the openness of the cluster to avoid the risk enterprise cluster closed automorphic closure automorphic risk in order to circumvent the cluster, requiring enterprises to strengthen the cluster and the cluster external links, and more with gathering external business cooperation, enhance the external community understanding of the economic environment. Attract leading international high-tech companies, while paying attention to fostering openness and cooperation, encourage innovation, not afraid of failure cluster culture, can be dispersed to some extent closed automorphic risk. The introduction of high-quality foreign investment,Provide comprehensive Shot Blasting, globalization, technology can enhance economic ties and bring a high level of technology and management, ready access to the international industry news, the cluster can quickly adapt to the vagaries of technology in today's world market. Face to face in competing with external companies, the cluster enterprises in order to deal with the fierce \, increase ability to cluster the external environment. But also have to pay attention to a \Advantage of business because of the loss of the cluster, but leave the cluster, the ultimate enterprise cluster into a \
4. Innovation environment and innovation by improving the mechanisms for innovation and enterprise clusters to avoid the risk inert because a large number of the cluster of innovative companies want to reap the benefits of external overflow, the implementation of the \innovation, and discourage innovation within the cluster initiative, the breeding of inertia, is not conducive to the sustainable development of the cluster. Of that, the cluster can improve the innovation environment and innovation mechanisms to encourage innovation. For example, through the establishment of industry, academia,Provide comprehensive golf equipment, research integration organizations, the formation of a regional innovation center industry; encourage the formation of cooperative enterprises of the shares of the penetration of mutual relations, the establishment of encouraging innovation fund to support innovative activities, such clusters can be mobilized to some extent enthusiasm within the business innovation; establish specialized technology development company, through market competition to maintain its continuous innovation; increase the larger the cluster support for enterprises to enhance its research and development capabilities, making the cluster of new technologies and economic growth point ; to the introduction of different channels of external technological innovation resources, and through regional integration, the formation of an effective technological innovation.
5. Enterprise cluster in the network to avoid risk to play an active role in government
(1) the government to play a good intermediary role. Under the guidance of the Government to establish a sound service system, including standard consulting and intermediary services, such as market research, technical advisory bodies, law firms, accounting firms, education and training center for local clusters provide organizational development, coordination and protection. (2) The Government should play the role of a good coordinator. Government should help establish the cluster chain of the cluster learning enterprises, to accelerate the diffusion of knowledge within the cluster, promote the upgrade of the entire cluster; do all kinds of information within and outside the cluster collection and evaluation of the cluster's external publicity work to do to attract external capital ; to prevent the clustering process of improper or excessive market competition, insights into industry trends, signs of the recession, and actively guide business transformation.